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过去完成时讲与练张同冰一、语法概念表示过去某时之前已经发生的动作。(1)构成：haddone(2)常用时间状语：1)by+过去时间点或句子；2)before+过去时间点或句子；3)when+句子。(3)用法：1)延续：开始于过去之前的动作或

过去完成时讲与练

张同冰

一、语法概念

表示过去某时之前已经发生的动作。

(1) 构成：had done

(2) 常用时间状语：

1) by + 过去时间点或句子；

2) before + 过去时间点或句子；

3) when + 句子。

(3) 用法：

1) 延续：开始于过去之前的动作或状态持续到过去：

Kevin had been a newspaper reporter for two years before he became a businessman.

凯文在成为商人之前，曾经当过两年报社记者。

I had waited for her for two hours in such a severe winter when she eventually turned up, which of course drove me mad.

我在这样严寒的冬天里等了她两个小时，所以当她终于出现的时候，我当然气的要命。

2) 重复：在过去的一段时间内重复发生：

By the end of last month, she had written three papers.

到上个月底之前，她已写了三篇论文。

By the end of June they had treated over 8.000 patients.

到六月底他们已经治疗了8000患者。

3) 单一：过去之前已发生的短暂动作：

Millions of years ago, dinosaurs roamed the earth, but they had become extinct by the time humankind first appeared.

几百万年前，地球上遍地是恐龙，但是在人类出现之前，他们就已灭绝了。

I had just poured myself a cup of tea when the phone rang. When I came back from answering it，the cup was empty. Somebody had drunk the tea or thrown it away.

我刚刚给自己倒了杯茶，这时候电话铃响了。而等我接完了电话回来，发现杯子已经是空的了，一定是有人把茶喝了或是倒掉了。

Ø 过去完成时的特殊用法：

(1) 过去完成时可表示“非真实”的过去。

We had intended to have a barbecue in the open air, but the weather was bad.

我们本打算在户外烧烤，但是天气太糟糕。(没有烧烤成)

The terrorists had planned to hijack the airplane, but they were arrested by the agents.

恐怖分子本打算要劫机，但是他们被情报人员逮捕了。(企图失败)

(2) 现在完成时和过去完成时都可与最高级和序数词连用。

This is the biggest crocodile that we have ever caught.

这是迄今为止我们抓住的最大的鳄鱼。

We caught a massive crocodile in the Philippines. This was the biggest crocodile that we had ever caught. 我们在菲律宾抓到一只鳄鱼，这是我们抓到的最大的鳄鱼。

It is the first time that we have tried bungee jumping.

这是我们第一次蹦极。

We went to the carnival yesterday. It was the first time that we had tried bungee jumping.

我们昨天去了嘉年华，这是我们第一次尝试蹦极。

过去完成时所表示的时间概念是“过去的过去”，即在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作。过去完成时所表示的时间概念可以用下图表示：

----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时以前　 那时　现在　

1.去年他们读完了十本英语小说。They had finished reading ten English story books last year . （误）They finished reading ten English story books last year . （正）2. 到去年年底你在你们村建了多少房屋？How many houses did you build in your village by the end of last year ?（误）How many houses had you built in your village by the end of last year ?（正）

上面两个例句都用“了”这样的字眼表示动作完成，然而在英语中一句用一般过去时，一句却要用过去完成时。

一般过去时表示“现在”以前的任何时间发生的动作或情况。过去完成时则表示过去某一时间或过去另一动作以前发生的动作或情况。上面第一个例句表示在“去年（last year）”这个过去时间内完成的动作，因此用一般过去时；第二个例句表示“到去年年底（the end of last year）”这个过去时间“以前”完成的动作，因此用过去完成时。如能弄清这个时间关系就可正确使用过去完成时。例如：How many English films had you seen by the end of last term ?到上学期末你们看了多少部英语电影？The film had already begun when I got to the cinema . 当我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。

二、过去完成时表示的时间概念过去完成时还可以表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。例如：He had worked in the factory for five years before he moved here . 在他搬到这儿以前，他已经在那家工厂工作了五年。I saw Li Ping yesterday . We had not seen each other since I left Beijing . 我昨天看见李平了。自从我离开北京，我们就没见过面。

三、用法注意

但需要注意下列三种情况不用过去完成时：1. 句中如有yesterday , last year , in 1986 , three days ago等表示过去时间的状语，谓语动词必须用一般过去时。例如：Peter didn”t play football yesterday . 彼得昨天没有踢足球。2. 汉语中虽然有“了”、“曾”、“过”等字眼表示动作完成，但没有说明动作是在过去某一时间以前完成的，译成英语时要用一般过去时，不用过去完成时。例如：

He went to Beijing the day before yesterday . 前天他去了北京。

3. 叙述在过去连续发生的两件以上的事，虽然在时间上有先后之别，但仍用一般过去时。例如：They decided to stay here , and so they built their houses and made their farms . 他们决定呆在这儿，所以他们建了房子，开垦了农场

【寻找“窍门”】

通过上面的句子，发现了什么规律？快来总结一下吧！

【例句】

① She had seen ten films by last Friday. 到上周五为止，她已经看了十部电影了。

② By the end of last October, she had collected 400 stamps. 到去年十月末，她已经收集了 400 枚邮票了。

③ By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I had already cooked dinner. 我父母昨天到家时，我已经做晚饭了。

④ Before Rebecca came to China in 2014, she had taught English in Korea for two years. 丽贝卡在 2014 年来中国之前，已经在韩国教了两年英语了。

⑤ When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already begun. 当我们到电影院的时候，电影已经开始了。

【直击中考】

23.【陕西】Some students in Shanghai ______ e-bags for several months.

A.have B.have had

C.had D.will have

【答案B】

跟踪练习：

1. 单项选择

1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.

A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone

2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?

A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done

3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。

A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt

4. She ______lived here for ______ years.

A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of

5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.

A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked

6. She said she __________ the principle already

A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen

7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war.

A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with

8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.

A. has completed university B. has completed the university

B. had completed an university D. had completed university

9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.

A. for B. in C. by D. at

10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.

A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano

C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano.

11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten?

A. did, do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done

12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.

A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work

13. By the end of last week, they ____ the bridge.

A. has completed B. completed C. will complete D. had completed

14. Ben hates playing _____ violin, but he likes playing ____ football.

A. a…the B. the… the C. / …the D. the…/

15. By the time he was 4, he ______ a lot of German words.

A. had learned B. has learned C. learned D. learns

16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom.

A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left

17.They _________ in Guangzhou since 2000.

A. lived B. had lived C. have lived D. were living

18. The train from Beijing_______ ten minutes ago.

A. has arrived B. was arriving C. arrived D. had arrived

19. The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.

A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned

20. Fergie_______ the project in one hour.

A. have finished B. will finish C. finishes D. has finished

21. The man ________ his coat and went out.

A. put on B. had put on C. will put on D. was putting on

22 My mother______ in that factory at the age of 18.

A. had worked B. has worked C. worked D. works

23. Dad ________ while he _______ TV.

A .fell asleep…watch B. was falling asleep…watched

C. fell asleep……was watching D. had fallen asleep…watched

2.用动词的适当形式填空

1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.

2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).

3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).

4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen _______ (arrive).

5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.

6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.

7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.

8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.

9. When the chairman ______________ (finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)the hall.

10.The Reads __ ______ (have) lunch when I ________________(get) to their house.

11.When I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave).

12..We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.

13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.

14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)

15.She ____________(not go) to Qingdao because she ________________ (go) there before.

16. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet.

17. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.

18. I ______________(be) to Shanghai before.

19. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times.

20.She _____________(play) the guitar while her sister_______________(sing).

3．句型转换

1．I had sold the ticket when she came.（改否定句）

___________________________________________________________________

2.She had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句）

________________________________________________________________.

3.They began to climbed the mountain after they had bought all the food and drink.（否定）

__________________________________________________________________

4.By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. （改一般疑问）

__________________________________________________________________

5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.（改一般疑问）

__________________________________________________________________

6.By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. （改一般疑问）

__________________________________________________________________

7..He had broken his arm when I saw him.（对划线部分提问）

__________________________________________________________________

8.When he had read the note, he ate it. （对划线部分提问）

__________________________________________________________________

9..Jack didn’t go to the cinema because he had seen the film. （对划线部分提问）

__________________________________________________________________

10.We had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child. （对划线部分提问）

__________________________________________________________________.

11.She had written the book by the end of 1960. （对划线部分提问）

__________________________________________________________________

12.We cooked the dumplings. We ate them up. （用过去完成时连接两句）

__________________________________________________________________

13.Jim’s father mended the car. It was broken. （用过去完成时连接两句）

__________________________________________________________________

14.We had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.( 用过去完成时连接两句)

After we ________________________, we _____________________________

15.He showed us a picture. Then he showed us around the house. 用过去完成时连接两句)

Before he _______________________, he______________________________.

张老师 2021-01-25

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